Developmental Abnormalties in Mammals

Developmental Abnormalities in Common Laboratory Mammals

Birth defects in fetuses and neonates from common laboratory mammals, thank to UTAH vets.

Syndromes and Combining Terms

Caudal dysplasia	Severe reduction of caudal structures, including reduction of or absence of hind limbs, tail, and/or sacral area.
Cheilognathopalatoschisis	Cleft lip, jaw, and palate; also called Cheilognathouranoschisis
Cheilognathoschisis	Cleft lip and jaw
Craniorachischisis	Failure of the neural tube to close in regions of both the brain and spinal cord.
Ethmocephaly	Some degree of cyclopia in which the eyes may be closely set but the nose is hypoplastic (rudimentary).
Otocephaly	Extreme underdevelopment of the lower jaw, permitting close approximation or union of the ears on the anterior aspect of the neck.
Rhinocephaly	Proboscis-like nose above partially of completely fused eyes.
Sirenomelia	Any of several degrees of side-to-side fusion of lower extremities and concomitant midline reduction of the pelvis. Soft tissues and long bones, lower paw (feet), and viscera of the pelvis tend to be reduced or absent; anus and external genitalia are often absent.
Tetralogy of Fallot	Defect of the heart which includes all of the following: pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, dextraposed aorta overriding the ventricular septum, and enlarged right ventricular wall.

This list is of descriptive terms which are used more than once in the glossary.

Term	Definition	Synonym or Related Term	Non-Preferred Term
Absent	An absolute failure of development of an organ or part; in the case of bone, no cartilage model is present	Agenesis, Aplastic	Missing
Atresia	Absence or closure of a normal body orifice or tubular organ	Imperforate
Bipartite ossification	Having two separate ossification sites	Bifid ossification	Split
Bent	Abnormal curvature of a normally straight structure	Angulated, Bowed
Branched	Deviation from the predominant pattern due to displacement and/or duplication of one or more normally occurring structures	Bifurcated, Forked
Cyst	Any abnormal sac; usually containing fluid or other material
Dilated	Widened or expanded orifice or vessel	Bulbous	Swollen
Discolored	Not the normal color	Mottled, Pale
Distended	Enlarged or expanded organ		Swollen
Diverticulum	A localized sac or pouch formed in the wall of a hollow viscus and opening into its lumen
Dumbbell ossification	Two roughly spherical ossification sites attached at or near the mid line by an ossified bridge	Dumbbell-shaped ossification	Bilobate, Bilobed
Enlarged	Larger than normal		Hyperplastic
Fistula	Abnormal passage or commun-ication between two normally unconnected structures, body cavities, or the surface of the body
Fused	Joined or blended together
Hemicentric	Absence of either hemicentrum of a centrum
Hemivertebra	Absence of a lateral half (arch + hemicentrum), or major part of a lateral half of a vertebra
Hemorrhagic	Descriptive of any tissue into which abnormal bleeding is observed (may be graded as petechia, purpura, ecchymosis, or hematoma)
Incomplete ossification	Partial ossification (as assessed by Alizarin Red uptake) at a site which, in controls of the same age, usually has a more advanced degree of ossification	Reduced ossification	Delayed ossification, Retarded ossification
Malpositioned	Not occurring in the proper position and/or orientation	Displaced, Ectopic	Misdirected, Dislocated
Misaligned	Abnormal relative position of structures on opposite sides of a dividing line or about the center or axis		Unaligned
Misshapen	Abnormally shaped [Not to be used to describe sites of incomplete ossification]	Abnormally shaped, Asymmetric, Irregularly shaped
Narrowed	Constriction of a cylindrical structure, such as the aorta or tail, or of a lumen	Coarctation, Constricted, Stenosis, Stricture
Retro-esophageal	Passing dorsal to the esophagus
Retrotracheal	Passing dorsal to the trachea
Short	Less than the normal or expected length	Rudimentary
Small	Incompletely developed structure, or less than normal in size	Aplastic, Hypoplastic, Reduced, Rudimentary	Underdeveloped
Split	Division of a single structure (usually into two parts) with no intervening structure between the parts	Bifid, Bipartite, Cleft
Supernumerary	More than the usual or expected number	Additional, Extra	Accessory
Thickened	A widening of a skeletal element relative to normal		Bulbous, Clubbed
Unossified	Absence of ossification (as assessed by Alizarin Red uptake) at a site which, in controls of the same age, is usually at least partially ossified		Nonossified